When the furnace temperature reaches 1400-1600 ℃, the lime in the flux reacts with the aluminate, silicate and coke ash in the ore at high temperature and chemically combines to form a nonmetal product called blast furnace slag. With the use of the ball mill, the granular slag can be processed into ultrafine slag powder. It is pozzolanic with some self-cementing properties. It includes diagnostic and treatment services, and is designed to meet the unique health care needs of children with the most advanced and coordinated care possible. Slag cement concrete sometimes turns green for a short period of time due to the oxidation state of sulfide sulphur compounds during portland/slag cement hydration. If the GGBFS is ground by itself, it can be blended mechanically with cement at the cement mill to make ASTM C595, Type IS, Portland blast-furnace slag cement, or it can be added at the concrete plant to make slag concrete. It is called almighty engineering aggregate. SLAG Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (Fig. Little or no crystallization occurs when the slag is cooled and rapidly quenched to a glassy state. The fineness of discharge can be controlled to 2-10mm with a handling capacity of 40 tons per hour. Molten slag is tapped from a blast furnace, rapidly quenched with water ("granulated"), dried and ground to a fine powder. Portland Blast-furnace Slag Cement. Secondly, transform the partition board to 2mm, so that the slag can be well broken in the first bin and the slag with particle size <2mm enters the second bin for grinding. In virtually every case where concrete is exposed to air, the greening will disappear and the concrete will be lighter that concrete made with other cementitious materials (see related FAQ on concrete color and article on Canadian Embassy, where greening occured, then disappeared). It also lowers the permeability of the concrete, reducing the water available for reaction and, in some cases, lowers the total alkali content of the cement paste. Copyright 2021 by Slag Cement Association, Mass concrete applications, such as dams or retaining walls (, Concrete exposed to harsh environments, such as wastewater treatment and marine applications, High-performance/high-strength concrete, such as high-rise structures or 100-year service life bridges (, Improved compressive and flexural strength (, Reduced permeability, and resistance to chloride intrusion and corrosion (, Ability to mitigate moderate to severe sulfate attack (even when used in combination with Type I cements -, Ability to mitigate alkali-silica reaction with reactive aggregates (even when used with higher-alkali cements -, Reduced thermal stress in mass concrete through lower heat generation (. Slag cement (also called ground granulated blast furnace slag) is a hydraulic cement produced during the reduction of iron ore to iron in a blast furnace. Concretes made with slag cement will generally exhibit higher flexural strength for a given level of compressive strength. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is designated in ASTM C 989 and consists mainly of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium. It has classified slag cement as a "recovered" product under the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA), and has issued a procurement guideline requiring its specification on most federally-funded projects. Most general or structural concrete applications (flatwork, paving, foundations, walls, columns, floors, etc. ) Slag cement is most widely used in concrete, either as a separate cementitious component or as part of a blended cement. About 60% of the blast furnace slag is made into granulated slag as a cement mixing material. BFS aggregate results in a better cement paste-aggregate interaction due to its vesicle nature. Thus with the higher compressive strengths achievable with slag cement, structural stiffness can be enhanced, and load deflections minimized. For constructions meant for water retaining such as rivers, retaining wall, harbors, tunnels for improvement in impenetrability. Today, the main by-product of hot metal production in blast furnaces is granulated blast furnace slag (GBS, see statistics).After grinding to cement fineness (GGBS = ground granulated blast furnace slag) it is used as a main constituent of cement or as a separate concrete addition. Slag is primarily composed of CaO, SiO 2, aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3), and magnesium oxide (MgO). Low permeability reduces the ingress of harmful substances (such as chlorides and sulfates) and the availability of water to catalyze harmful chemical reactions within concrete. The amount for a specific project depends on several factors including application, early and later age strength requirements, durability requirements and ambient temperature to name a few. When pig iron is smelted in a blast furnace, the flux is added to the raw materials from the blast furnace in addition to iron ore and fuel (coke). GGBFS is divided into three classifications based on its activity index. However, applications that will not be exposed to air and will be constantly moist may have permanent greening, such as swimming pools; therefore SCA suggests that slag cement not be use in this type of application when aesthetic concerns are important (greening will have no effect on other concrete properties, such as strength or durability). Also, concrete with coarse slag aggregate is more resistant to high temperatures; that is, this concrete has more residual compressive strength than conventional concrete. This Granulated Slag is the same material used to produce Blastfurnace cement. The product is now widely available east of the Rockies. The pavilion is the largest, most advanced children’s outpatient facility in the region. The quality control of Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag manufacture is in five stages: Purchase of slag from a supplier with a long history of producing a consistent and quality product. Because its specific gravity is smaller than that of pig iron, the molten slag rises above the pig iron during heating, making it easy to be separated and recovered. The roller crusher is suitable equipment for crushing blast furnace slag, which mainly depends on the extrusion between two rollers to realize the crushing of materials. Slag cement, when used as a separate component in a concrete mixture, is specified through ASTM C 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortar. The heart of the process is the blast furnace that refines iron ore into iron. The main use of granulated blast furnace slag is cement production [4], but GBFS can also be used as any other additive to concrete or as part of alkali activated materials. These two materials can be widely used in construction, infrastructure and agriculture. The rapid quenching ("granulation") "freezes" slag cement in a glassy state and imparts cementitious properties to the product when ground finely. Precast and prestressed concrete is an excellent application for slag cement at levels between 20 and 50 percent. It is highly regarded as an environmentally friendly material that can protect the environment by limiting the exploitation of natural resources and reducing energy consumption in the exploitation of natural resources. It is claimed that, concrete incorporating slag perform better in terms of permeability compare with controlled concrete because blast furnace slag in cement paste decreases the size of pores and consequently the permeability of slag concrete is declined. For more information, see, ASR occurs when the alkalis in portland cement react with certain reactive aggregates to form an expansive gel that causes the concrete to crack, swell and prematurely deteriorate. When used as a component in blended cement, one of two specifications are used: ASTM C595, Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements or ASTM C1157, Standard Performance Specification for Blended … Slag cement mitigates ASR by reacting with the alkalis in portland cement and making them unavailable for reaction. Slag cement concrete may experience some initial "greening" after placement but this temporary color change will disappear with exposure to light and air (see related FAQ on greening and SCIC #10, "Greening"). It also has the same or better water permeability as high-quality sand. The blast furnace slag can be crushed and processed into blast furnace slag aggregate by roller crusher and ground granulated blast furnace slag by ball mill. Slag cement, often called ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), is one of the most consistent cementitious materials used in concrete. GGBS Concrete GGBS Proportions On its own, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) hardens very slowly and, for use in concrete, it needs to be activated by combining it with Portland cement. A specification based on concrete strength at 28 days may be able to use less total cementitious material (portland + slag cement) than a similar plain portland mixture is mixture strength is optimized. Firstly, adjust the position of the separating board of the ball mill. It works synergistically with portland cement to increase strength, reduce permeability, improve resistance to chemical attack and inhibit rebar corrosion. Ground granulated blast furnace slag is widely used with its characteristics of cost-effective, green effect, hydraulic property as raw material for cement, civil engineering works, fertilizer and so on. The latent hydraulic property of the blast-furnace slag gives excellent long-term strength. Reducing the "urban heat island" effect by making concrete lighter in color thus reflecting more light and cooling structures and pavements with exposed concrete. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) [Quora] Chemical Composition of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. Use of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag: There are two major uses of Ground granulated blast furnace slag, In the production of high quality-improved slag cement, such as Portland Blast furnace cement (PBFC) and high slag blast furnace cement (HSBFC). Blast furnace slag aggregate comes in two forms: For more information on slag aggregates, visit the National Slag Association's website. For more information, see, , "Reducing Thermal Stress in Mass Concrete", , "Suggested Specifications for Slag Cement in Concrete.". SCA normally suggests that concrete that displays greening be left alone, and the greening will disappear. The composition of slag essentially depends on the raw materials used in the iron production process. The lighter color of slag cement concrete (compared with concrete made with other cementitous materials - see photo) is generally considered to be a positive benefit, as it not only improves the aesthetic look of concrete, but also increases concrete's reflectivity (albedo) which provides greater mitigation of the "urban heat island effect" (see SCIC #22, "Slag Cement and the Environment"). The first United States production was in 1896. Slag cement is a white-colored hydraulic cement that will lighten the color of fully hardened, cured concrete. Slag cement generally improves workability, finishability and pumpability of plastic concrete. Slag cement improves many of the strength and durability properties of hardened concrete. What Are the Uses of Blast Furnace Slag (BFS). Hiraskar and Chetan Patil Abstract-The Iron industries produce a huge quantity of blast furnace slag as by–product, which is a non–biodegradable waste material from that only a small percentage of it is used by cement industries to manufacture cement. GBFS Granulated Blast Furnace Slag GBFS can be used like sand as an additional aggregate for building materials. Used to increase the strength of concrete and used to improve workability of fresh concrete and reduce water demand, shrinkage and permeability of the finished product. Slag cement or GGBFS is granulated blast-furnace slag that has been finely ground and that is hydraulic cement. It produces a lightweight aggregate that can be used for concrete masonry, lightweight fill, or can be ground into a cementitious product. The length of the first bin can be shortened to 2.6m and the second increased to 3.9m to enhance the grinding capacity of the ball mill. Mass concrete utilizes the highest potential levels of slag percentage to provide effective heat mitigation and reduced thermal stress. At this point, the particle size of slag is mostly <5mm. Use of Blast Furnace Slag in Road Construction 23. However, if the greening period is extended and waiting is not an option, applying a solution of hydrogen peroxide can help oxidize the concrete. Another effective solution is calcium hypochlorite (usually used for pool shock). If durability parameters are specified (e.g. This causes an expansive reaction and resulting deterioration of the concrete structure. BFS is typically a grey vesicular material that is lighter than most basalt. The molten slag can also be quickly cooled by a column of pressurized water to form a glassy granular slag. Recent years have seen the supply and acceptance of slag cement grow dramatically throughout the U.S. Use of slag cement in concrete reduces the environmental impact of concrete by: The Environmental Protection Agency recognizes the environmental benefits of using slag cement in concrete. The During the molten cooling and hardening of blast furnace slag, different cooling methods can be adopted to form various types of blast furnace slag products. By: Ashley December 12, 2019 Last Updated :December 02, 2020. The processed BFS aggregate does not contain organic impurities, clay, shells or similar materials, and has many valuable properties, which is one of the reasons for chemical reactions with alkaline aggregates. Typical mechanical properties of air-cooled blast furnace slag: Put the slag into the roller crusher and the slag will be broken into a good cube shape with relatively few elongated fragments. It is easy to process which enables the road can be opened to traffic immediately after the end of the work, and road compaction base can continue to be carried out even on rainy days, which is widely praised. Using granulated blast furnace slag can save energy by 20-40%, reduce costs by 10-30%, and reduce CO2 emissions by 44%. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) has been constantly in use as cement replacement for sustainable infrastructure. As an oasis for children, the new space features a James River theme incorporating naturalistic elements of light and green space. In this study, slag cement (SC) is used to prepare different slag cement mortar (SCM) mixes to study mortar microstructure perspectives, physiochemical properties, mechanical properties and durability performance. In general, concrete containing BFS aggregates has similar plastic properties to natural aggregate. If it can be used reasonably, it will save a lot of energy and resources. It takes longer to harden, which can be used to create a thinner pavement than using natural gravel (i.e., mechanically stable gravel). In many cases, the performance of hardened concrete is improved when BFS aggregates are added to properly designed blends. Modulus of elasticity follows the same relationship as OPC concrete, when based on compressive strength. Slag Cement Benefits and Use in Concrete. Ground granulated blast furnace slag has potential hydraulic performance that can be shown under the action of cement clinker, lime, gypsum and other activators, so it is a high-quality cement raw material. It is actually a byproduct of iron production. Slag Cement The blast furnace slag cement is used in the world in order to increase the strength of the concrete and reduce the costs. The first granulation facility in the U.S. to make a separate slag cement product was Sparrows Point, Maryland, in the early 1980’s. If heat curing is used (or ambient curing temperatures relatively high) higher levels within this range are common. Blast furnace slag is a non-metallic residue usually obtained from steel plants or from the reduction of ores in a blast furnace. Please enter this 5 digit unlock code on the web page. Of course, with the latest trend of recycling society, the effective utilization of blast furnace slag has already attracted people’s attention. Applications It is a recovered industrial by-product of an iron blast furnace. Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) is a by-product of iron and steel-making obtained by quenching molten iron slag from a blast furnace in water or steam. More information can be found in SCA's SCIC #10 and in a "Problem Clinic" discussion in Concrete Producer magazine. The additional CSH formed and denser cement paste in slag cement concrete reduce pore size and lower concrete permeability, often by several orders of magnitude. In some architectural applications, where white cement might normally be used to achieve a white look, slag cement (or a combination of slag cement and white cement) can be utilized, as was the case with the Canadian Embassy. Make this into a paste, apply and leave for a few minutes, wash off thoroughly, and let it take effect. A crystal structure will form, resulting in hard, lump slag. Blast furnace slag is a secondary aggregate used widely in construction because of its performance attributes and durability. Using granulated blast furnace slag can save energy by 20-40%, reduce costs by 10-30%, and reduce CO 2 emissions by 44%. The output of the ball mill is 6.5 t/h, reaching the average hourly output with the comprehensive power consumption per unit 71 kW.h /t. Properties Significant chemoresistance, and Suppression of alkali-aggregate reaction (type B and C). For more information, see, Slag cement provides higher levels of compressive strength in concrete when compared with ordinary portland cement (OPC) concrete of equal cementitious materials content. Once fully solidified, it will not liquefy during an earthquake, so no additional liquefaction measures are necessary. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, more commonly referred to as slag or slag cement, is a by-product of steel production. Reducing energy consumption, since a ton of slag cement requires nearly 90% less energy to produce than a ton of portland cement. Blast furnace slag is a by-product of the iron and steel industry. Concrete properties can be improved using Fine Blast Furnace Slag (BFS). For information on proportioning and a table of suggested percentages for various applications and end results, see SCIC #2, Concrete Proportioning. Pelletized or expanded slag results when molten slag is quickly cooled using water or steam. A typical combination is 50% GGBS with 50% Portland cement, but percentages of GGBS [4] anywhere between 20 and 80 % are commonly used. Ground granulated blast furnace slag is an eco-friendly material with regard to its production process and usage. It may provide a small decrease in water demand (see, Slag cement, when used as a separate component in a concrete mixture, is specified through ASTM C 989, Low concrete permeability is essential for long-term durability, especially with regard to corrosion resistance of reinforcing steel. Mass applications use between 50 and 80 percent slag cement, with the thickest, most massive placements normally in the 65 to 80 percent range. Under natural conditions, the liquid slag is slowly cooled by the surrounding air. The process involves cooling of the slag through high-pressure water jets, this leads to formation of granular particles. For instance, one combination of portland and slag cement, in combination with a highly reactive aggregate may need as much as 70 percent slag cement to mitigate ASR, while a less reactive aggregate, combined with a lower alkali cement and slag cement may only need 25 percent. permeability, sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reaction (ASR) resistance) up to 70 percent slag cement may be required. , "Reducing Thermal Stress in Mass Concrete. The output of blast furnace slag can not be ignored. A Portland cement mixed with a designated amount of ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Slag cement helps in two ways: 1) reduced permeability reduces the ingress of deleterious sulfates into the concrete and 2) slag cement does not contain tricalcium aluminate, and thus lowers the total amount available for reaction. Using higher levels of slag cement in precast, provides the additional benefits of a more flowable mixture with smoother surface finish (fewer bugholes), and a whiter concrete appearance, often favored by designers and architects. Blast furnace slag (BFS) has been widely studied and used, which can be processed into a variety of valuable materials. Some slag cements in massive placements may not provide sufficient heat mitigation at the 50 to 65 percent levels because slag cement is activated by heat, and may react faster than desired because of the heat generated by portland (and slag) hydration. For more information, see, Sulfate attack occurs when sulfates, found in seawater and some soils, react with the tricalcium aluminate in portland cement. Using GGBFS as a coastal protection backfill material can take advantage of its light weight and large shear angle to effectively reduce the earth pressure of the front sheet pile and reduce the sheet pile section. Address: No.168 Wutong Street, High-Tech Industrial Development Zone of Zhengzhou City, China. Use of blast-furnace slag's as • Sand and gravel for the construction of road beds, • Basic filler in asphalt–concrete mixtures for the construction of road and airport coatings, • Unroasted cement (binder) for reinforcing roadways and • Preparing slow-setting concrete. Slag cement is a hydraulic binder that, like portland cement, reacts with water to form cementitious material (calcium-silicate hydrate or CSH). typically use between 25 and 50% slag cement. Slag cement reduces the rate of heat rise in proportion to its quantity in a mixture. We would like to cooperate with customers all around the world, and welcome you sincerely ! Children's Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University is a multi-story, 640,000 square-foot, high-tech outpatient pavilion for pediatric services. Use of Blast Furnace Slag Aggregate in Concrete K.G. Slag Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) is produced by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel-making) from a blast furnace in water, to produce a granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. The amount of slag cement added to a concrete mixture, as a percentage of cementitious material by weight, normally ranges from 20 to 80 percent. Slag cement is normally used in proportions from 25 to 50 percent in structural and general concrete applications; the higher the amount of slag, the lighter the concrete. Until the 1950’s, granulated slag was used in the manufacture of blended portland cements, or as raw feedstock to make cement clinker. Have any question? The resulting cement paste is stronger and denser, thus improving the concrete. 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