Men privileged to carry alams perform great feats of strength, and they need special training. Read more. Shah Abbas was a critical figure in the development of Iran and his legacy is still with us today." It combines opulence and greatness with suffering and humility." Alams were originally battle standards, designed to be carried like flags into the fight, but in seventeenth-century Iran they were used in great religious processions, and rallied not warriors, but the faithful. When Shah Abbas I came to power in 1588, he immediately began making plans to move the Safavid capital to Isfahan, a city in central Iran. with a painting. Both, empires are often referred to as "gunpowder empires." Service under Shah Abbas I. This was a strategic move that accomplished two things. Intricate patterns were drawn on cartoons which the artists implemented into their weaving. He founded the Pahlavi dynasty that lasted until overthrown in 1979 during the Iranian Revolution. And with the arrival of the Safavids, who declared Shi'ism as the national religion of Iran, we then begin to have the establishment of a religious institution with a hierarchy, and one that has some kind of influence on policy. In fact they were always in the process of contestation and on the margins. And that's quite new, in terms of Iranian history. His fame is tarnished, however, by numerous deeds of tyranny and cruelty, particularly against his own family. Abbas’ Character and Legacy Shah Abbas I was endowed with great understanding, acumen, native sagacity and possessed sound judgment in the problems or challenges he faced daily. This resulted in weak successors. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. In this programme, I'll be exploring the situation in Iran through an 'alam' - a lavishly gilded ceremonial sword. Today we are in Iran, with the ruling Safavid Dynasty, and with a portable declaration of faith. The deal was simple. Get step-by-step explanations, verified by experts. He invited the world to visit his capital in Isfahan, welcoming Chinese envoys at the same time as hiring Englishmen as his advisors. We have over 1500 academic writers ready and waiting to help you achieve academic success. ... Shah Abbas I’s time. Shah of Iran from 1587-1629AD, he is remembered as one of the country’s most influential kings and a great military leader, ruling Iran at a time of political renewal, when it succeeded in positioning itself as a world power with a sharply defined national identity. Before his rule, the Persian Empire was led by a Sufi leader who was against the adoption of Islam. In 1588, one of the Qizilbash leaders, Murshid Qoli Khan, overthrew Shah Mohammed in a coup and placed the 16-year-old Abbas on the throne. Libby Purves meets actor Brian Cox and singer June Tabor. And the legacy of Shah 'Abbas's achievement can still be clearly seen in this programme's object, the alam, which was made around 1700. It's an interesting parallel to events in Tudor England, which became officially Protestant at roughly the same time as Iran became Shi'a. For a limited time, find answers and explanations to over 1.2 million textbook exercises for FREE! The person for which the design was named was the Shah of the Safavid Dynasty in Persia who ruled from 1588 to 1629. There are only 2500 to 3000 carpets and fragments that have survived from the Golden Age of the Safavid dynasty. It's the perfect place to start the question we're going to be looking at this week - how the world map of religion was re-drawn in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Shah Abbas reformed both the military and civilian aspects of life. The Ottoman Empire took control of the, major routes between Europe, Asia, and Africa, resulting in Istanbul's rise as one of the greatest. Appointed as qurchibashi in 1612-13 CE, 'Isa Khan is mentioned by Iskandar Beg Munshi in the latter’s history of Shah 'Abbas. And this points up the paradoxical nature of the British Museum's alam. He was a contemporary of Elizabeth I of England, and was just as keen as she was to develop international trade and contacts. Felix Varela Senior High School • HISTORY 12, Teacher Overview Objectives - Comparing the Mughal & Ottoman Empires.docx, CH19 - Islamic Empires - Long Version.ppt, Felix Varela Senior High School • CHEM 123, Felix Varela Senior High School • HISTORY 301, Queensbury Senior High School • HISTORY 10R. Shah Abbas strengthened the Safavid Empire by creating an effective bureaucracy and a strong military. In order to revive the national economy, ‘Abbas courted foreign traders and made commercial agreements with several European nations. Who Was Shah Abbas? The area had been under attack by the Mongols, and there was considerable political unrest. The Safavid Dynasty came to power in 1501, and it established Shi'a Islam as the state religion of Iran, a position it has held ever since. Afraid of a coup by his family (as he had done to his father), he locked them up in palaces in order to keep them without knowledge of the outside world. Abbas also sent his armies south and subdued the provinces on the norther… Unfortunately, Jahangir's ambitions were not realized as Shah Abbas captured Qandahar from the Mughals in 1622, a few years after the execution of this painting. The assembly deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and amended Iran’s 1906 constitution to allow selection of Reza Pahlavi. "The alam is a beautiful object in itself. Introducing Textbook Solutions. Many of the archetypal Persian carpet designs originated here. So for example, [in] the Constitutional Revolution, in which the 'ulema' - religious leaders - were demanding the establishment of a house of justice, and demanded a constitution as a result. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad Khodabanda. By contrast, Sunni Muslims accepted the authority of the Caliph, who by the seventeenth century was the Ottoman sultan in Istanbul. It was what preceded the king. With the help of Chinese artisans, the artwork in the empire rose to a different level and decorations beautified the many mosques, palaces, and marketplaces. Shāh Abbās the Great or Shāh Abbās I of Persia (Persian: شاه عباس بزرگ ‎; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629) was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered the strongest ruler of the Safavid dynasty.He was the third son of Shah Mohammad Khodabanda.. The tolerant equilibrium of Shah 'Abbas was abandoned by his successors, and the last Safavid Shah, Husayn, was harshly intolerant of non-Shi'ites. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. The legacy of his urban vision continued until his death in 1576 and is still visible today in the royal precinct. He took advantage of the weakness of the Russians after the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584 and secured for Persia the provinces on three sides of the Caspian Sea whose rulers had been depending for protection upon the power of Russia. In 1739 Nadir Shah of Iran attacked the Mughal capital at Delhi, seizing many of the best Mughal paintings and manuscript illustrations. Just a few examples of Persian chahar bagh gardens between 1500-1730 include the Safavid period Meidan Square of the Great Mosque in Isfahan with its immense size, well more than 85,000 square meters of garden enclosure in the Great Square as a legacy of Shah Abbas (1571-1629). which would become a thriving center of trade, arts, and learning. I'm listening as the music rises in one of the world's great Christian cathedrals, past silver crucifixes and painted stories telling the narrative of biblical redemption. LOGIN TO POST ANSWER. Kashan carpets are one of the most important of the refined urban Persian carpets that are the direct legacy of the Golden Age of Persian Weaving of the reign of the famous patron of the arts, Shah Abbas, in the 16th and early 17th centuries.. And I shall tell the story in miniature . As a result, he was made sultan and a governor of Jorpadagan near Isfahan, the Safavid capital. . He also encouraged economic and cultural development by. He expanded his borders, and in the process he captured Armenian Christians, whom he relocated to Isfahan. Abbas the Great or Abbas I of Persia (Persian: شاه عباس بزرگ ‎; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629) was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered the strongest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. Architecture, painting and high craft in silks, ceramics and metalwork - all were put to the service of the faith. They are the Shi'a Ali - the Party of Ali. Order an Essay Check Prices. His prominent status is underscored by the fact that the king’s successor, Shah Safi' (r. 1629-42 CE), had 'Isa Khan executed three years after he ascended the throne (Eskander Beg Monshi 1978, vol. Armenian traders developed the highly profitable international trade in silks and textiles and, in return, Shah 'Abbas built them the Christian cathedral that I've just visited. Shah Abbas the Great (1587-1629) continued this legacy. Shah Abbas made peace with the Ottomans and concentrated on fighting the Uzbeks and on pacifying the country. The answer to that question in sixteenth and seventeenth century Iran was a definite YES. There, I visited the Vakil Mosque, where flowers decorate the tiles. Draw Conclusions which were the important characteristics of the Ottoman and Safavid, empires? Shi'a religious parade standard (made late seventeenth century). He took the throne in 1587. It's about four feet (120 cm) high, and it was meant to be mounted on a long pole and carried high in procession through the streets. With the help of the English adventurer Sir Robert Sherley, he carried out much-needed reforms of his army, establishing an élite cavalry corps which was comparable to the Turkish Janissaries, and his reign was a period when the stuggle went against the Ottomans. . In both countries, religion became a defining element of national identity, setting the nation apart from its hostile neighbours: Protestant England from Catholic Spain; Shi'a Iran from its Sunni neighbours, above all Turkey. Iranian Shiism holds that there are 12 imams altogether, the 11 mentioned on our alam all died as martyrs. And over the 'mihrab', the central niche, which marks the direction of Mecca and where we should pray, are written the names of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of the house - that means the family of the Prophet. The following day, I took a bus to Shiraz which in the 18th century was the country’s capital. Words like this are now part of the physical and architectural fabric of Shi'a Isfahan. By the late seventeenth century, when this alam was made, elaborate ceremonial processions, commemorating the deaths of the martyrs, featured chain-swinging flagellants, rhythmic movement, music and chanting. reducing taxes, practicing tolerance toward non-Muslims, and building a new capital at Isfahan. Isfahan became a centre for Islamic scholarship, and a place where the arts flourished. And yet they're borne by one man. Publication date 2011 Topics Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 1919-1980, Iran -- History -- Mohammad Reza ... English. Both the Ottoman and Safavid empires were Muslim empires that ruled over diverse, peoples. No longer a single blade of metal, they are now often great structures, covered in decorated cloth, which can span a whole road's width. Shah Abbas reformed the military and adopted modern artillery. And, to the sound of music, this is how they train. They hold that the office of Imam - infallible religious guide - belongs exclusively to the descendents of Ali, the Prophet's son-in-law. There's the prophet Muhammad himself, his daughter, Fatima, and his son-in-law, Ali, and his grandsons, Hassan and Husain. specifically in the silk trade. And at the basis of that redrawing is one big question - can a state hold more than one faith? Sword-like in form and name, and at first sight triumphalist and aggressive, it was in fact used in ceremonies to commemorate defeat, suffering and martyrdom. During his reign he helped create a Safavid culture that drew from the best of the Ottoman, Persian and Arab worlds. Alternative Title: Ê¿Abbās the Great Ê¿Abbās I, byname Ê¿Abbās the Great, (born Jan. 27, 1571—died Jan. 19, 1629), shah of Persia from 1588 to 1629, who strengthened the Safavid dynasty by expelling Ottoman and Uzbek troops from Persian soil and by creating a standing army. The blade of the sword has been transformed into a filigree of words and pattern, and these words are effectively a declaration of Shi'a faith. LOGIN TO VIEW ANSWER. In nearly 14 years of constant warfare he drove the Uzbeks beyond the Oxus. But Abbas was no puppet and soon seized power for himself. These differing views led to bloody conflict, and a long tradition of martyred Shi'a imams. Despite Iran's recent reputation for intolerance, the religious legacy of Shah 'Abbas is still evident in the country today. And the legacy of Shah 'Abbas's achievement can still be clearly seen in this programme's object, the alam, which was made around 1700. Both empires, despite their differences in their Muslim beliefs. But it's not a matter of a hundred kilograms of weight, it's balancing and unbalancing the shape of the alam - because it's huge, and it's wide, and you have to be very physically fit for that. BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Shiites, then and now, are a minority in Islam. Sheila Canby, curator of the exhibition He was a man of some piety, making a barefoot pilgrimage from Isfahan to Mashhad – a distance of nearly 1,000 kilometers – after he reclaimed Mashhad in 1598 when the Safavids defeated the Uzbeks. Design changed from curvilinear to rectilinear and new designs emerged. Relations with Europe were established, and as a result, industry and art flourished. This Shi'a Iran of the Safavid shahs, sophisticated and cosmopolitan, prosperous and devout, is in many ways encapsulated in the object I'm looking at now. Elsewhere on this alam are the names of ten other imams - all descended from Ali and all, like him, martyred. [42] Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. In 1722, the long Safavid era ended and Shah Husayn was overthrown. When Abbas died, his dominions reached from the Tigris to the Indus Riverin the Indian Sub-continent. The Shah by Milani, Abbas. The apogee of the dynasty was the reign (1587–1629) of Shah Abbas the Great. Throughout this week we're thinking about the co-existence - peaceful or otherwise - of different faiths, and we have objects from India and Central America, Europe and Indonesia that embody one of the key concerns of the age - the political consequences of belief. And it is actually a process that has continued through the centuries, and the religious establishment very often has been at the forefronts of revolutions. I shall be looking at how the Islamic monarchs of Mughal India contrived to rule a population that contained not just Muslims but Hindus, Sikhs and Jains. Behind the Headlines a Cultural Legacy Stands. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Like the Ottomans, the Safavid Empire became a center for trade. This seventeenth-century Iranian king is considered the greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty (1501-1736), a time of cultural rebirth for Persia. Steel alam, from Iran. This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 2 pages. One of the greatest rulers of his era, Shah Abbas the Great of Persia left an astounding cultural legacy, much of which still exists in modern day Iran. And the people are either wrestlers or weight-lifters, and physically strong and well-known by that society. Shah `Abbas came to the throne in 1587, the fifth ruler of the Safavid Dynasty. He created two new armies that would be loyal to him alone. I visited the museum in Shah Abbas I’s reception hall. He took advantage of the weakness of the Russians after the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584 and secured for Persia the provinces on three sides of the Caspian Sea whose rulers had been depending for protection upon the power of Russia. But however cosmopolitan the style and skill, this alam was made specifically for use in a Shi'a Muslim ceremony. But to be a strong man is not enough, in that community the people have got to know you as well, because it's sort of a tradition to give you admission.". 'Shah Abbas: The Remaking of Iran’, in association with the Iran Heritage Foundation, is at the British Museum, London, from February 19 to June … This led to retaliation of the Persians, led by Abbas II of Persia who reclaimed the territory after a few years. European travellers were astonished by this active religious tolerance, with Christians and Jews each given their own places of worship, peacefully accommodated within a Muslim state - a level of religious diversity unthinkable in Christian Europe at the time. Indeed, Ali is mentioned three times on this alam. In 1597–98, Isfahan became the new capital of Iran when Shah ‘Abbas I (r. 1587–1629) moved the Safavid government there as part of his larger plan to lift the country from the slump into which it had fallen. I'm now standing in the mosque of Shaykh Lutfallah, built by Shah 'Abbas at the same time as he built the cathedral for the Christians. trading capitals of the world. Read more. He killed his eldest son, Safi Mirza, and left his throne to his grandson. In 1589, he took part in the assassination of the powerful minister (vakil) and kingmaker Morshed-Kholi Khan Ostaglu, who was secretly condemned to death by shah Abbas I. The Ottoman and Safavid Empires Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. This building is entirely a monument to the word, and the structural elements of the architecture are marked out with inscriptions - inscriptions of the word of God, of the words of the Prophet, and of other holy texts. 1. Order Your Homework Today! By the time our alam was made, around 1700, this kind of muscular fervour had become a key element of Shi'a ceremonies. The greatest of the Safavid monarchs, Shah Abbas I (1587–1629) came to power in 1587 aged 16 following the forced abdication of his father, Shah Muhammad Khudābanda, having survived Qizilbashi court intrigues and murders. In the next programme, I shall be asking the same question as I asked at the beginning of this one - can a state hold more than one faith? First, by bringing the capital closer to the center of the empire and away from the Ottoman border, it safeguarded the court from the Turks. It may have been this religious repression that contributed to his downfall. But we're not in Tehran, we're in north-west London, where men are trained both physically and spiritually in the traditional religious sport of Shi'ism. The state is of course officially Shi'a, but the Armenians still worship in their cathedral, and Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians are all free to practise their religion in public, their rights enshrined in the constitution. 2.4 HW.docx - 1 Identify Central Ideas How did Shah Abbas strengthen the Safavid Empire and leave a lasting legacy in Persia Shah Abbas strengthened the, Identify Central Ideas How did Shah Abbas strengthen the Safavid Empire and leave a lasting, legacy in Persia? Present day alams are sometimes enormous. The twelfth imam is said to have vanished in 873, and to be still in hiding - he will only be restored by God when it pleases him. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abbas-I-Safavid-shah-of-Persia/Legacy Shah Abbas made peace with the Ottomans and concentrated on fighting the Uzbeks and on pacifying the country. We spoke to one of the elders of this Iranian community, Hossein Pourtahmasbi, an alam-carrier himself, about how the tradition continues today: "First of all you have to be a good weightlifter, because that's quite heavy, it sometimes goes up to one hundred kilograms. But I'm not standing in a Christian European city. Shah Jahan and his sons successfully continued their military campaigns and captured the city of Kandahar in 1638 from the Safavids. In nearly 14 years of constant warfare he drove the Uzbeks beyond the Oxus. Shah Abbas Took the Safavid Empire into its golden age, created an empire that took the best out of all neighboring cultures including Ottomans and Persians, reformed military and civilian life in the empire This is a traditional ritual Iranian workout, and we're in a 'zurkaneh', a house of strength. Iran, around 1600, was led by a ruler of rare political nous, and even rarer religious pragmatism - Shah 'Abbas. How did Shah Abbas strengthen the Safavid empire and leave a lasting legacy in Persia? Haleh Afshar, an Iranian-born academic, reflects on the position of Shi'ism in the life and politics of Iran over the centuries, and on its role in both the Constitutional Revolution of 1907 and the Islamic Revolution of 1979: "Well Shi'ism for centuries was the small part of Islam, which was very different, and a group which were not part of any establishment. In Iran, Shah ‘Abbas’ new capital of Isfahan was the breeding ground for a generation of artists specialized in single-page calligraphic compositions, paintings and drawings, often working in distinctive styles. Identify Central Ideas How did Shah Abbas strengthen the Safavid Empire and leave a lasting legacy in Persia? It's approximately sword-shaped, with a disc between the blade and the handle. And we find their names on the alam here in the British Museum. Until then, the Safavid shahs were the temporary proxy for the hidden imam. Abbas also sent his armies south and subdued the provinces on the norther… (Haleh Afshar). This page has been archived and is no longer updated. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. Ho… The golden age took place under Shah Abbas or Abbas the Great. It's made of gilded brass, and it's typical of the metal-working tradition that has evolved in Iran, and especially in Isfahan, where merchants and craftsman from India, the Near East and Europe met and traded. Men swing giant wooden clubs around their shoulders, accompanied by slogans and tragic songs honouring the Shi'a martyrs. TutorsOnSpot.com. The years following Shah Tahmasb’s death in 1576 saw constant turmoil in the form of political elite and royal family members competing for succession to Safavid rule. As this alam was carried through the streets, the faithful would see the names of the Prophet, of his daughter Fatima, his son-in-law Ali and of the other imams. A major exhibition on the life and legacy of the Safavid Emperor Shah Abbas I, who ruled Persia from 1587 – 1629, is on at the British Museum in London until 14 June 2009. For Shi'a Muslims, Ali was the first imam - or spiritual leader - of the faithful, and this kind of alam is known as the Sword of Ali. Their success can be partially attributed to the new technology of gunpowder. The faithful are awaiting his return, and at that point the Shi'i dominion will be established on earth. I'm here in Isfahan, and this cathedral was built around 1600 by Shah 'Abbas I, the great king of early modern Iran. Shah Abbas strengthened the Safavid Empire by creating an effective, bureaucracy and a strong military. And also [in] the '79 revolution, again in the name of justice, which is a theme at the core of Shi'ism.". On the one hand, Abbas could be ruthless. 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